Model-Implied State Mean Vector

The function returns the model-implied state mean vector for a particular time interval $\Delta t$ given by $$ \mathrm{Mean} \left( \boldsymbol{\eta} \right) = \left( \mathbf{I} - \boldsymbol{\beta}_{\Delta t} \right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{\Delta t} $$ where $$ \boldsymbol{\beta}_{\Delta t} = \exp \left( \Delta t \boldsymbol{\Phi} \right) , $$ $$ \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{\Delta t} = \boldsymbol{\Phi}^{-1} \left( \boldsymbol{\beta}_{\Delta t} - \mathbf{I} \right) \boldsymbol{\iota} . $$ Note that $\mathbf{I}$ is an identity matrix.

Usage

ExpMean(phi, iota, delta_t)

Arguments

phi: Numeric matrix. The drift matrix ($\boldsymbol{\Phi}$). phi should have row and column names pertaining to the variables in the system.
iota: Numeric vector. An unobserved term that is constant over time ($\boldsymbol{\iota}$).
delta_t: Numeric. Time interval ($\Delta t$).

Value

Returns a numeric matrix.

Details

Linear Stochastic Differential Equation Model

The measurement model is given by $$ \mathbf{y}_{i, t} = \boldsymbol{\nu} + \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\eta}_{i, t} + \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{i, t}, \quad \mathrm{with} \quad \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{i, t} \sim \mathcal{N} \left( \mathbf{0}, \boldsymbol{\Theta} \right) $$ where $\mathbf{y}_{i, t}$, $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{i, t}$, and $\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{i, t}$ are random variables and $\boldsymbol{\nu}$, $\boldsymbol{\Lambda}$, and $\boldsymbol{\Theta}$ are model parameters. $\mathbf{y}_{i, t}$ represents a vector of observed random variables, $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{i, t}$ a vector of latent random variables, and $\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{i, t}$ a vector of random measurement errors, at time $t$ and individual $i$. $\boldsymbol{\nu}$ denotes a vector of intercepts, $\boldsymbol{\Lambda}$ a matrix of factor loadings, and $\boldsymbol{\Theta}$ the covariance matrix of $\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}$.

An alternative representation of the measurement error is given by $$ \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{i, t} = \boldsymbol{\Theta}^{\frac{1}{2}} \mathbf{z}_{i, t}, \quad \mathrm{with} \quad \mathbf{z}_{i, t} \sim \mathcal{N} \left( \mathbf{0}, \mathbf{I} \right) $$ where $\mathbf{z}_{i, t}$ is a vector of independent standard normal random variables and $ \left( \boldsymbol{\Theta}^{\frac{1}{2}} \right) \left( \boldsymbol{\Theta}^{\frac{1}{2}} \right)^{\prime} = \boldsymbol{\Theta} . $

The dynamic structure is given by $$ \mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{\eta}_{i, t} = \left( \boldsymbol{\iota} + \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\eta}_{i, t} \right) \mathrm{d}t + \boldsymbol{\Sigma}^{\frac{1}{2}} \mathrm{d} \mathbf{W}_{i, t} $$ where $\boldsymbol{\iota}$ is a term which is unobserved and constant over time, $\boldsymbol{\Phi}$ is the drift matrix which represents the rate of change of the solution in the absence of any random fluctuations, $\boldsymbol{\Sigma}$ is the matrix of volatility or randomness in the process, and $\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol{W}$ is a Wiener process or Brownian motion, which represents random fluctuations.

Author

Ivan Jacob Agaloos Pesigan

Examples

phi <- matrix(
  data = c(
    -0.357, 0.771, -0.450,
    0.0, -0.511, 0.729,
    0, 0, -0.693
  ),
  nrow = 3
)
colnames(phi) <- rownames(phi) <- c("x", "m", "y")
iota <- c(.5, .3, .4)
delta_t <- 1
ExpMean(
  phi = phi,
  iota = iota,
  delta_t = delta_t
)
#>        x        m        y 
#> 1.400560 2.700258 2.508277